BR Ambedkar
Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar, popularly known as BR Ambedkar, was a social reformer, jurist, economist, and politician who played a significant role in the Indian independence movement. He is widely regarded as the father of the Indian Constitution and a champion of the rights of the Dalits or the untouchables. In this article, we will take a closer look at his early life, education, professional life, and achievements.
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Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar, an eminent Indian figure, left an indelible mark on the nation’s history through his multifaceted contributions as a jurist, economist, social reformer, and political leader. His pivotal role in drafting the Constitution of India, his service as the Law and Justice minister in Jawaharlal Nehru’s first cabinet, and his inspiration behind the Dalit Buddhist movement after renouncing Hinduism have forever shaped the socio-political landscape of the country. Annihilation of Caste by BR. Ambedkar is a seminal work that critiques the deeply entrenched caste system in India. In this powerful text, Ambedkar argues for the complete eradication of caste-based discrimination and promotes social equality and justice. His ideas laid the groundwork for many social reforms in India.
Ambedkar’s intellectual journey began after completing his education at Elphinstone College, University of Bombay. Driven by his thirst for knowledge, he pursued further studies in economics at Columbia University and the London School of Economics, earning doctorates from both institutions in the 1920s. His achievements were noteworthy, considering that only a handful of Indian students had accomplished such feats during that time.
In addition to his expertise in economics, Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar also honed his legal acumen at Gray’s Inn, London. Early in his career, he established himself as an economist, professor, and lawyer. However, his true calling lay in championing the rights of marginalized communities and spearheading social reforms. As his political involvement deepened, he actively campaigned for and negotiated the partition of India, published journals advocating political rights and social freedom for Dalits, and played a vital role in the establishment of the Indian state.
Ambedkar’s transformative journey took a profound turn when he converted to Buddhism in 1956, instigating mass conversions among Dalits. This act marked a significant milestone in the history of religious and social movements in India.
Recognizing his monumental contributions, Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar was posthumously honored with the Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian award, in 1990. His followers reverently salute him with the salutation “Jai Bhim” (Hail Bhim). He is affectionately referred to as Babasaheb, meaning “Respected Father.”
Early Life of Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar
Born on 14 April 1891 in Mhow (now Dr. Ambedkar Nagar) in Madhya Pradesh, Ambedkar was the youngest of Ramji Maloji Sakpal and Bhimabai Sakpal’s fourteen children. Coming from a Marathi background, his family hailed from the town of Ambadawe in Ratnagiri district, Maharashtra. Unfortunately, as members of the Mahar (Dalit) caste, they endured the cruel yoke of untouchability and faced severe socio-economic discrimination.
Ambedkar’s ancestors had long served in the army of the British East India Company, and his father held a position in the British Indian Army at the Mhow cantonment. Despite attending school, young Ambedkar and other untouchable children were subjected to segregation and neglect by their teachers. They were even denied the basic right to sit inside the classroom. Drinking water became an arduous task, requiring someone from a higher caste to pour it from a height, as they were prohibited from touching either the water or the vessel containing it. If no one was available to perform this duty, Ambedkar would go without water, a plight he later described as “No peon, No Water.” He was even compelled to sit on a gunny sack, which he had to carry home with him.
In 1894, Ramji Sakpal retired, and the family relocated to Satara. Tragically, Ambedkar’s mother passed away soon after the move, leaving the children in the care of their paternal aunt amidst challenging circumstances. Only three of the five siblings—Balaram, Anandrao, and Bhimrao—along with their sisters, Manjula and Tulasa, survived. Among them, Ambedkar was the only one who passed his examinations and went on to attend high school. Interestingly, his original surname was Sakpal, but his father registered his name as Ambadawekar in school, indicating their native village of ‘Ambadawe’ in Ratnagiri district. It was his Marathi Brahmin teacher, Krishnaji Keshav Ambedkar, who changed his surname to ‘Ambedkar’ in school records, bestowing upon him a name that would become synonymous with greatness.
Education of Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar
In 1897, Ambedkar’s family relocated to Mumbai, where he became the only untouchable student enrolled at Elphinstone High School. At the tender age of 15, in accordance with prevailing customs of that time, he entered into an arranged marriage with a nine-year-old girl named Ramabai.
His educational journey continued at the University of Bombay, where he secured admission to Elphinstone College in 1906. As a member of the Mahar caste, Ambedkar proudly claimed to be the first from his community to attend the esteemed college. When he passed his English fourth standard examinations, it was considered a significant achievement by his community, although he felt that the state of education in other communities far surpassed his own. In celebration of his success, a public ceremony was organized, during which he received a biography of the Buddha from Dada Keluskar, an author and family friend.
By 1912, Ambedkar obtained his degree in economics and political science from Bombay University, preparing himself for employment with the Baroda state government. Unfortunately, tragedy struck when his father fell critically ill. Rushing back to Mumbai, Ambedkar had to bid farewell to his ailing father, who passed away on 2 February 1913.
FAQ
Who was Dr. B.R. Ambedkar?
Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, popularly known as Babasaheb Ambedkar, was an Indian jurist, economist, politician, and social reformer. Born on April 14, 1891, in Mhow, India, he became a leading advocate for Dalit rights and social equality. As the principal architect of the Indian Constitution, he played a crucial role in shaping India’s legal and social framework. He was India’s first Law Minister and worked tirelessly to eradicate caste discrimination. Ambedkar also embraced Buddhism in 1956, influencing millions. His contributions continue to inspire social justice movements worldwide.
What is Ambedkar Jayanti?
Ambedkar Jayanti, also known as Bhim Jayanti, is celebrated annually on April 14th to honor the birth anniversary of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. It is observed across India with processions, speeches, and cultural programs, particularly in states like Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh. The day serves as a reminder of Ambedkar’s contributions to social justice, equality, and constitutional reforms. It is also a public holiday in several Indian states, allowing people to pay homage to his legacy.
What is the Dr. Ambedkar Scholarship?
The Dr. Ambedkar Scholarship is a financial assistance program aimed at supporting students from marginalized communities, particularly those belonging to Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs). The scholarship is offered by both the Indian government and various state governments, helping students pursue higher education in India and abroad. It covers tuition fees, living expenses, and academic resources. The initiative seeks to empower underprivileged students and promote equal access to quality education.
What is the Dr. Ambedkar National Memorial?
The Dr. Ambedkar National Memorial is a tribute to Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, located at 26 Alipur Road, New Delhi—the place where he spent his last days. Inaugurated on April 13, 2018, the memorial features exhibits, digital displays, and a meditation hall. A statue of Ambedkar stands at the center, and a replica of the Ashoka Pillar represents his association with Buddhism and the Indian Constitution. The memorial serves as a center for education, research, and public awareness of his life and legacy.
What was Dr. B.R. Ambedkar's full name?
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s full name was Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar. He was born on April 14, 1891, in Mhow, Madhya Pradesh (then Central Provinces, British India). His name reflects his father’s name, Ramji Sakpal, following the traditional Maharashtrian naming system. Though he initially used the surname “Sakpal”, his teacher gave him the name “Ambedkar,” based on his native village, Ambavade, Maharashtra.
What is the significance of the Constitution of India?
The Constitution of India, adopted on January 26, 1950, is the supreme law of the nation. It defines the structure, powers, and duties of government institutions and guarantees fundamental rights and duties to every citizen. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, as the Chairman of the Drafting Committee, played a key role in its framing and implementation. The Constitution ensures democracy, social justice, equality, and secularism. Today, it is recognized as one of the world’s most comprehensive and detailed constitutions, reflecting India’s diverse social fabric.
Where was Dr. B.R. Ambedkar born?
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was born on April 14, 1891, in Mhow (now Dr. Ambedkar Nagar), Madhya Pradesh, India. Mhow was a military cantonment town during British rule, where his father, Ramji Sakpal, served in the British Indian Army. Despite being born into the Mahar caste (considered “untouchable” at the time), Ambedkar pursued education and social reform, becoming a key figure in India’s fight against caste discrimination.
What was Dr. B.R. Ambedkar's educational background?
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was a highly educated scholar who earned multiple degrees in law, economics, and political science:
• B.A. – Elphinstone College, University of Bombay (1912)
• M.A. in Economics – Columbia University, USA (1915)
• Ph.D. in Economics – Columbia University, USA (1927)
• D.Sc. in Economics – London School of Economics, UK (1923)
• Barrister-at-Law – Gray’s Inn, London
His academic achievements made him one of the most learned Indian leaders of his time, contributing significantly to law, social justice, and economic policies.
By what other names is Dr. B.R. Ambedkar known?
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar is known by many titles and honorifics, reflecting his contributions to law, social justice, and equality:
• Babasaheb – Meaning “Respected Father,” widely used by his followers.
• Jai Bhim – A greeting meaning “Hail Bhim,” honoring his legacy.
• Father of the Indian Constitution – For leading the drafting of India’s supreme law.
• Bodhisattva – Given by Buddhist followers, recognizing his role in reviving Buddhism in India.
• Dalit Bandhu – Meaning “Friend of Dalits,” recognizing his fight against caste oppression.
• Vishwabandhu – Meaning “Brother of the World,” highlighting his global influence.
• Modern Manu – A controversial title referring to his role in drafting the Constitution.
• Messiah of the Downtrodden – Recognizing his efforts to uplift the oppressed.
• Symbol of Knowledge – Reflecting his vast scholarly achievements.
• Social Justice Warrior – Recognizing his tireless fight for equality.
